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11-06-2013, 11:14 PM
DENATONIUM BENZOATE
1. Denatonium benzoate
Denatonium benzoate (Denatonium), under trade names <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_name> such as BITTER+PLUS, Bitrex or Aversion and as denatonium saccharide, is the most bitter <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_%28taste%29> chemical compound <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound> known; with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharide. It was discovered in 1958 during research on local anesthetics <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic> by MacFarlan Smith <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacFarlan_Smith> of Edinburgh <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh>, Scotland <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland>, and registered under the trademark Bitrex. Dilutions of as little as 10 ppm <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts-per_notation> are unbearably bitter to most humans. Denatonium salts are usually colorless and odorless solids but are often traded as solutions. They are used as aversive agents <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversive_agent> to prevent accidental ingestion <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating>. Denatonium is used in denatured alcohol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatured_alcohol>, antifreeze <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze>, nail biting <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_biting> preventions, respirator <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator> mask fit-testing, animal repellents <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_repellent>, liquid soaps <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap>, and shampoos <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shampoo>. It is not known to pose any long-term health risks.
2. Specification: USP 29/ NF 24
Component Specifications
The sense organs flour, white
pH 6.5 - 7.5
Melting point 163 - 170 oC
Chloride max 0.2%
Loss on drying max 1.0%
Assay 99.5 - 101.0%
3. Origin: China
4. Structure and physical properties
Denatonium is a quaternary ammonium cation <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation>. It is a compound of a salt <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt> with an inert <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inert> anion <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion> like benzoate <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoate> or saccharide <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharide>. The structure of denatonium is related to the local anesthetic <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic> lidocaine <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine>, differing only by the addition of a benzyl <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl> group <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group> to the amino <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_group> nitrogen <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen>.
5. Applications
The bitterness of the compound guides most applications of denatonium. Denatonium benzoate is used to denature ethanol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatured_alcohol> so that it is not taxed as an alcoholic beverage <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage>. One designation in particular, SD-40B <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_alcohol_40-B>, indicates that ethanol has been denatured using denatonium benzoate. The common name for this chemical, denatonium, alludes to this application.
Denatonium is commonly included in placebo pills used in clinical trials to match the bitter taste of certain medications.
Denatonium also discourages consumption of harmful alcohols <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol> like methyl alcohol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol>, and additives like ethylene glycol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol>. Denatonium is used in rubbing alcohol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubbing_alcohol> as an inactive ingredient. It is also added to many kinds of harmful liquids including solvents <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent> (such as nail polish remover <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_polish_remover>), paints <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint>, varnishes <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish>, toiletries and other personal care <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_care> items, special nail polish for preventing nail biting, and various other household products. It is also added to less hazardous aerosol products (such as Gas dusters) to discourage inhalant abuse <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalant_abuse> of the volatile vapors.
Since 1995, when the U.S. State of Oregon <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon> required that denatonium benzoate be added to antifreeze and windshield washer fluid, the compound has been increasingly found in these substances throughout the world. The addition is credited with saving children and animals who might otherwise drink sweet antifreeze <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze> or wiper fluid <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid> and get ethylene glycol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol> or methanol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol> poisoning respectively.
Animals are known to have different sensitivities to the effects of denatonium. It is used in some animal repellents (especially for such large mammals <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal> as deer <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer>). It has been used to safeguard rat poisons <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_poison> from human consumption, as humans are able to detect denatonium at much lower concentrations than rodents. However, some cats <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat> have been known to be tempted by them - it may not be as effective a deterrent for cats as it is for humans, or perhaps some cats are not deterred due to a genetic <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics> factor similar to that affecting human perceptions of the taste of phenylthiocarbamide <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylthiocarbamide>.
Source: Use some information from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatonium>
6. Package:
1kg/pack or as required by the customer.
7. Contact:
For the best quotation, please contact us with information as follows
Director: Ms. Ngo Huyen Trang
Tel: +84-4-904247480
Email: jenifer@duyminhjsc.com.vn
Staff Import Export Business: Ngo Thi Phuong
Flour Denatonium Benzoate Denatonium Benzoatein Silver Bag
Tel: +84-4-986 693 807
Email: sale2@duyminhjsc.com.vn
8. Pictures
1. Denatonium benzoate
Denatonium benzoate (Denatonium), under trade names <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_name> such as BITTER+PLUS, Bitrex or Aversion and as denatonium saccharide, is the most bitter <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_%28taste%29> chemical compound <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound> known; with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharide. It was discovered in 1958 during research on local anesthetics <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic> by MacFarlan Smith <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacFarlan_Smith> of Edinburgh <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh>, Scotland <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland>, and registered under the trademark Bitrex. Dilutions of as little as 10 ppm <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts-per_notation> are unbearably bitter to most humans. Denatonium salts are usually colorless and odorless solids but are often traded as solutions. They are used as aversive agents <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversive_agent> to prevent accidental ingestion <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating>. Denatonium is used in denatured alcohol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatured_alcohol>, antifreeze <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze>, nail biting <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_biting> preventions, respirator <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator> mask fit-testing, animal repellents <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_repellent>, liquid soaps <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap>, and shampoos <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shampoo>. It is not known to pose any long-term health risks.
2. Specification: USP 29/ NF 24
Component Specifications
The sense organs flour, white
pH 6.5 - 7.5
Melting point 163 - 170 oC
Chloride max 0.2%
Loss on drying max 1.0%
Assay 99.5 - 101.0%
3. Origin: China
4. Structure and physical properties
Denatonium is a quaternary ammonium cation <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation>. It is a compound of a salt <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt> with an inert <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inert> anion <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion> like benzoate <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoate> or saccharide <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharide>. The structure of denatonium is related to the local anesthetic <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic> lidocaine <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine>, differing only by the addition of a benzyl <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl> group <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group> to the amino <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_group> nitrogen <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen>.
5. Applications
The bitterness of the compound guides most applications of denatonium. Denatonium benzoate is used to denature ethanol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatured_alcohol> so that it is not taxed as an alcoholic beverage <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage>. One designation in particular, SD-40B <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_alcohol_40-B>, indicates that ethanol has been denatured using denatonium benzoate. The common name for this chemical, denatonium, alludes to this application.
Denatonium is commonly included in placebo pills used in clinical trials to match the bitter taste of certain medications.
Denatonium also discourages consumption of harmful alcohols <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol> like methyl alcohol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol>, and additives like ethylene glycol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol>. Denatonium is used in rubbing alcohol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubbing_alcohol> as an inactive ingredient. It is also added to many kinds of harmful liquids including solvents <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent> (such as nail polish remover <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_polish_remover>), paints <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint>, varnishes <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish>, toiletries and other personal care <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_care> items, special nail polish for preventing nail biting, and various other household products. It is also added to less hazardous aerosol products (such as Gas dusters) to discourage inhalant abuse <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalant_abuse> of the volatile vapors.
Since 1995, when the U.S. State of Oregon <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon> required that denatonium benzoate be added to antifreeze and windshield washer fluid, the compound has been increasingly found in these substances throughout the world. The addition is credited with saving children and animals who might otherwise drink sweet antifreeze <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze> or wiper fluid <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid> and get ethylene glycol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol> or methanol <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol> poisoning respectively.
Animals are known to have different sensitivities to the effects of denatonium. It is used in some animal repellents (especially for such large mammals <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal> as deer <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer>). It has been used to safeguard rat poisons <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_poison> from human consumption, as humans are able to detect denatonium at much lower concentrations than rodents. However, some cats <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat> have been known to be tempted by them - it may not be as effective a deterrent for cats as it is for humans, or perhaps some cats are not deterred due to a genetic <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics> factor similar to that affecting human perceptions of the taste of phenylthiocarbamide <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylthiocarbamide>.
Source: Use some information from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatonium>
6. Package:
1kg/pack or as required by the customer.
7. Contact:
For the best quotation, please contact us with information as follows
Director: Ms. Ngo Huyen Trang
Tel: +84-4-904247480
Email: jenifer@duyminhjsc.com.vn
Staff Import Export Business: Ngo Thi Phuong
Flour Denatonium Benzoate Denatonium Benzoatein Silver Bag
Tel: +84-4-986 693 807
Email: sale2@duyminhjsc.com.vn
8. Pictures